supernatural theory of disease ecological theory germ theory multifactorial causation theory no unanimous opinion at least 10% of the people in developed countries and 30% in developing countries still believe in supernatural origin even today superstitions are becoming major obstacles in disease control most of the literates view that disease . Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. Sections of original transcripts and key quotes considered to be illustrative of the emerging themes were translated into English to facilitate discussion with the full research team as needed, because one of the research team members, HB, was a non-Amharic speakerIndividual codes and themes were discussed at group meetings until consensus was reached on basic themes and subthemes across the focus groups and interviews. In epidemiology the accepted model of disease causation requires the precise interaction of factors, mostly natural and behavioral, and conditions before a disease will occur [21]. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. Microbe after microbe was discovered in quick succession gonococcus in 1847; typhoid bacillus, pneumococcus in 1880; tubercle bacillus in 1882; cholera vibrio in 1883; diphtheria bacillus in 1884, and so on. These forces also have the ability to heal one from these spells. Methods for Cross-Cultural Communication in Clinic Encounters. Tooth decay, measles, or a broken bone are examples. Consequently for many indigenous people, attempts to restore wellbeing through the utilization of biomedicine must include customary affirmation of the nature-spirit intercession as a feature of the recuperation process. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. Interviews lasted 11.25h, were conducted in the informants private homes or while sitting in public spaces in the villages (See Additional file 1 for the complete interview guide). Principal Scientist & Act. Bryman A. commun.). In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). Just health inequality in illness, care and prevention. Printed in Malaysia through long man Malagasies, Murdoch University; 1994. 2nd ed. By using this website, you agree to our Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins. Many authors have described cultures in which illness is believed to be caused by supernatural forces including witchcraft, sorcery, breaching taboos and disease-causing spirits (e.g., [2225]). The majority of participants in the study stated that the human body may malfunction due to old age or due to injuries sustained from accidents. Would you like email updates of new search results? Wadaja lately assumed a much more modified and purposive role of combating the zar, buda or other supposedly spirit afflicted illnesses [Male, Study Community # 2]. Privacy They speak Amharic, Ethiopias official language. The relationship between diseases and their causes can be approached from different starting-points. If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. Study participants were adults over 30years of age identified by health extension workers in the area to be knowledgeable about local health traditions who were willing to participate in a conversation about their health. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. Qualitative inquiry and research design. To act in this capacity qolle must be acknowledged and shown respect through appropriate rituals such as scarification of goats, respecting the local customs and values, etc., the spirit of the qolle are good for keeping relatives safe from harm and maintain health [Male, Study Community # 3]. The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. The link between lying and ill health appears to be unique in this culture. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. Prev Chronic Dis. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. 2011; 26 (4):275-278. doi: 10.5001 . Liu Q, Ho KY, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK. In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. Theories of illness causation derive from the underlying cognitive orientation of a cultural group, and therapeutic practice usually follows the same cultural logic. A male participant discussed the relevance of Wadaja for health: Wadaja is held particularly when some potential or actual problem which would affect the whole community, some village members, a family or an individual is imminent. Nurse Educ Today. The other criterion was the interest shown by the health extension workers to collaborate in the study. Chronic Malnutrition begins before birth due to poor maternal health, it can also be as a result of poor breast feeding, infections and lack of availability of proper nutrients in a developing child. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease. Epub 2016 Sep 11. 13. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. This theme does not appear in Murdocks model. I/C Epidemiology; Centre for Animal Disease Research (3) ecosocial theory and related multi-level frameworks. Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. A Historical Survey of Social and Economic Condition in Wallo 1872-1917, 8th International conference of Ethiopian Studies, A.A. 1984; p. 1. An example cited in most of the focus groups was that of disrespecting elders, Abegar or Sheikh and a link to how that causes illnesses: If people anger the Abegar or sheik, they get hurt by the ones they offended. Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept. Negative correlation is when an increase in A leads to a decrease in B or vice versa. WHO. For example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere. In addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition. However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. They described how lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases. Alice Barrett is in hospital with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), and cannot feed herself. Terms and Conditions, Three views of disease causation may be identified from the literature. Not listening to them means we are exacerbating the disease we have [Female, Study Community # 2]. Google Scholar. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Wiki User 2009-11-03 20:50:12 This answer is: Study guides Science 14. We say in our culture, if there are arguments and fights there will be no peace then, it would shorten your life and laughter will be away from you. Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2022 Oct 14;19(20):13217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. and Diagnosis 2016 Nov;46:121-126. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.001. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. Issues identified with administration and bureaucratic frameworks dont fit well with indigenous ill-health beliefs. Example: the more purchases made in your app, the more time is spent using your app. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. PubMedGoogle Scholar. For the study communities, a culture of social trust was central to their identity, and they believed this was directly connected to the health of the body. Social change theory was used in this paper. In the early past, the disease was thought mainly due to either the curse of god or due to the evil force of the demons. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. A successful integrated primary health care strategy should include strategies for supporting patients needs in all three of these domains. The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. Bareilly, UP, India. After their migration from the southern part of Ethiopia, before embracing Islam as their religion, the people of the Tehuledere region continued to make use of their indigenous Cushitic beliefs and practices [7]. We consider people who travel at this wrong time bad, harmful, killers and thieves or people into something tricky. Winkelman M. Culture and health: applying medical anthropology. Foster M, Anderson B. This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. I have never gone to modern health centers. All seek to elucidate principles capable of explaining social inequalities in health, and all represent what I would term theories of disease distribution,24which presume but cannot be reduced to mechanism-oriented theories of disease causation. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. The disease is said to pass onto seven generations. government site. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones health status is not balanced without the nature-spirit connection. Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. Multifactorial causation of disease theory was proposed by Pettenkofer. Similar to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health. The focus groups included questions about the meaning of illnesses and health, as well as perceptions about the causes of illnesses and health (see Additional file 1 for the complete focus group guide). EMJ. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. Disease in Africa has been the subject of a large number of rich studies. The five study communities, selected were: Gobeya, Godguadit, Bededo, Jari and Muti-Belg. Ethiop J Health Dev. We've encountered a problem, please try again. He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. A.A. 2015. Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. Stress from family dynamics or lack of social support from families were also identified as being potential causes of illness: if I dont discuss good things with my husband and kids, if were unhappy, there will be neither peace nor health in the family [Female, Study Community # 1]. A belief of disease causation where it is thought illness is caused by misbehavior or intervention of a supernatural being. So if he is able to work well and come back home without any stress, he becomes healthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. 36 0 obj <> endobj These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. 2015 Apr;24(2):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y. Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. 1976;4:77382. In clinical medicine we are confronted by a patient P with certain complaints, and eventually a diagnosis is reached because the clinical findings suggest that P has a certain disease D.Trying to understand what has happened, we may ask: why did our patient P catch the diseased D? MHK, TG, and HB all participated in the study design and data analysis. This study was funded by Addis Ababa University. Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. . Health effects of social isolation, loneliness. Triangulation of different data collection techniques including focus group, semi-structured interview data, observations and informal interviews with study participants was a strength of the study. 2003;9(6):649. He would not be able to have enough food, this affects his healthWeve become subject to Ke ijje Wode Afe Nuro (hand-to-mouth livelihood) [Male, Study Community # 3]. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. 93 0 obj <>stream For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. volume17, Articlenumber:124 (2017) noted that such explanations of disease causation are widely found in non-western societies and have perhaps attracted most attention due to their radical departure from those prevailing in Modern Western Societies. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. As predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming. Were Muslims ( n=92 ) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians in through... These spells free highlands categorized these as natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutritious. 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